[1] He studied in London under John and William Hunter, and in Edinburgh where he received his doctorate in 1784.
He was an advocate of medical reform, reporting on the lack of regulation of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries, and suggesting that regulation of education and licensing was needed.
This plan was thwarted by opposition from the Royal College of Physicians.
[2] He also founded the first infirmary for spinal diseases in London in 1837.
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