She had a brother, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, and two half-sisters, Katharine of Bohemia and Margaret of Bohemia (d. 1349), who were the daughters of Blanche of Valois, Charles IV's previous wife.

After the death of Elisabeth's mother, Charles remarried for the last time to Elizabeth of Pomerania.

Elisabeth gained six half-siblings from the marriage: Anna, Queen of England, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Margaret of Bohemia (d. 1410), John of Görlitz, Charles, and Henry.

Elisabeth married when she was only eight in 1366 to Albert III, Duke of Austria.

Her husband remarried to Beatrix of Nuremberg and they were parents of Albert IV, Duke of Austria.