[2] Some researchers see the concept as potentially applying to a range of internal religious divisions such as orthodoxy versus heterodoxy, between the clergy and the laity, or between the religion's wealthy adherents and the poor.
[3] Whereas the primary expression of elite religion is in religious ideology, folk religion is primarily expressed in religious rituals and symbols.
Elite religion's ideology is characterized as internally unified, while the beliefs or ideas that underlie different religious folk rituals may be incompatible with one another.
[4] Folk religious practices concerning key rituals, such as coming of age ceremonies, may become the object of intense elite criticism.
[5] Sociologist Charles Liebman theorized that the strengthening of elite religion over members of a particular group led to the growth of denominationalism.