Enamel-dentine fracture

They are represented by visible loss of enamel and dentin without exposing the dental pulp (Patnana & Kanchan, 2021).

The most frequently fractured teeth are the maxillary central and lateral incisors due to their anatomic location in the oral cavity (Patnana & Kanchan, 2021).

This classification system is used to determine the severity of tooth fractures and to decide the treatment plan accordingly.

Class II – Extensive fracture of crown involving considerable dentin but not exposing the dental pulp.

Class III – Extensive fracture of crown involving considerable dentin and exposing the dental pulp.

The nature of occlusal pain  (location, direction, and intensity) depends on the crack's depth and orientation (Yu et al., 2022).

Vitality Test Sensitivity to temperature stimuli, particularly cold, often indicates the presence of proximal or near-pulp cracks.

A positive response to both cold stimulation and bite tests is suggestive of a cracked tooth (Mathew S et al.,2012) 3.

Additionally, bacterial infiltration of cracks can cause discoloration that is difficult to remove, affecting aesthetics and treatment outcomes.

Studies indicate that teeth with probing depths greater than 4 mm due to cracks are more prone to pulp necrosis (Bajaj et al., 2016).

c. Micro CT MicroCT has a high detection accuracy, capable of identifying cracks with widths ranging from a few tenths to tens of microns.

Preparation for Restoration An acid etchant is applied to clean the exposed dentin and improve the bonding process.