Enets language

Enets is a Samoyedic language of Northern Siberia spoken on the Lower Yenisei within the boundaries of the Taimyr Municipality District, a subdivision of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russian Federation.

In the winter of 2006/2007, approximately 35 people spoke it (6 in Dudinka, 20 in Potapovo [ru] and 10 in Tukhard, the youngest of whom was born in 1962 and the oldest in 1945).

Based on the available data, the stress is not (as a rule) used as a feature for distinguishing the meaning.

The written form of the Enets language was created during the 1980s and has been used to produce a number of books.

The alphabet contains the following letters:[13] Enets nouns vary for number, case, and person-number of the possessor.

Possessor markers are also used for discourse related purposes, where they are completely devoid of the literal possessive meaning.

[14] The parts of speech in Enets are: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, interjections and connective particles.

[9] The grammatical number is expressed by means of the opposition of the singular, dual and plural forms.

Six moods are contrasted in the Enets language: indicative, conjunctive, imperative, optative, quotative and interrogative.

[9] Depending on the final sounds of the word stem, nouns can be divided into two groups: Either group uses variants of suffixes with a different initial sound (e.g. Loc dʲuda-han, tau-kon).

The case suffixes are combined with numeral markers, often in a fairly complex manner.

[9] There are a number of adjectives that have no specific suffixes, e.g. utik 'bad', sojδa 'good', lodo 'low' and piδe 'high'.

Alongside these, there are various suffixal adjectives, e.g. buse̮-saj ne̮ 'a married woman', bite-δa 'waterless', uδa-šiδa 'handless', mȯga-he 'belonging to the forest', same-raha 'wolf-like', narδe-de̮ 'red', polδe-de̮ 'black'.

As an exception, we can refer to the use of the adjective instead of an elliptical noun and as a predicate in the nominal conjugation.

To strengthen a possessive connection, sometimes a respective possessive suffix may be added to the head of an attribute, e.g. keδerʔ koba-δa ŋul'ʔ mujuʔ 'the wild reindeer skin is very strong' ("its-skin of-the-wild-reindeer...").

[9] The verbs in Enets can be distributed into two groups in principally the same manner as the noun depending on the final sounds of the word stem.

Seven moods are contrasted: indicative, conjunctive, imperative, optative, quotative and interrogative.

Temporal numerals are formed from cardinals by means of the suffix -ʔ, e.g. orðede̮ʔ 'the first time'.

[9] Reflexive pronouns are pairs of words whose first component consists of personal pronouns, the second is a separate word stem ker-, combined with their respective possessive suffixes, e.g. mod' keriń 'I myself', ū kerit 'you yourself', bu kerta 'she herself/he himself' or modiń keriń 'we two ourselves'.