Often, some of the knowledge required to develop such tools is nonexistent or is simply not good enough, and the engineering research takes the form of a non-engineering science.
Major contributors to engineering research around the world include governments, private business,[1] and academia.
The results of engineering research can emerge in journal articles, at academic conferences, and in the form of new products on the market.
Much engineering research in the United States of America takes place under the aegis of the Department of Defense.
Programmable digital computers and the Internet which connects them, the GPS satellite network, fiber-optic cable, radar and lasers provide examples.