Eriopis connexa

[2] This predatory beetle species feeds primarily on aphids and is widespread throughout many agroecosystems, such as cotton, maize, sorghum, soybean, and wheat.

[3][6] The potential efficacy and success of the utilization of E. connexa in these programs is widely debated and is the focus of much recent research due to the lack of understanding regarding the effects of pyrethroid resistance on the behavior of this species.

[1] Eriopis connexa is a neotropical species native to South America, but has been introduced to the United States for biological pest management.

[1][3] They may be found in Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Chaco, Chubut, Entre Ríos, Formosa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, San Juan, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro), Brazil (Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Ecuador (Guayas), Paraguay (Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Kanindeyu, Paraguarí, Pte.

[7] Eriopis connexa is found throughout a wide variety of agroecosystems, such as cotton, maize, sorghum, pine, citrus, soybean, and wheat plants.

[3] Still, it is not limited to aphid consumption as it is a polyphagous species and also consumes scale insects, mites, lepidopteran eggs, and whiteflies as supplementary prey.

These studies also indicate that the species of prey does strongly influence E. connexa development, survival, and reproduction, and aphid consumption leads to optimal demographic outcomes.

Host plants' chemical, morphological, and allelochemical features affect the nutritional value of arthropods, further complicating potential biological pest management.

[2] Both males and females mate multiple times with different individuals of the opposite sex, making Eriopis connexa a polyamorous species like most members of its family.

Mating order in Eriopis connexa does not affect offspring paternity and thus suggests sperm mixing is present in the female spermatheca.

[2] Female Eriopis connexa never reach complete fertility because they lay unfertilized trophic eggs which provide additional nutrition for their offspring when they hatch into larvae.

Even though there are costs for females to produce oocytes, laying trophic eggs is an evolutionary adaptation that improves larval nutrition and reduces sibling cannibalism.

[5] Some researchers suggest ecological mismatches between pyrethroid-resistant Eriopis connexa and agroecosystems will lead to adverse outcomes that won't be discovered through laboratory assays.

[5][6] Additionally, behavioral studies indicate decreased aggression in pyrethroid-resistant Eriopis connexa individuals, which may harm their efficacy of predation of agricultural pests.

Lateral view of Eriopis connexa
Aphid
Eriopis connexa in larval stage
Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT)