After 1836 Taschenberg studied mathematics and natural sciences in Leipzig and Berlin.
He worked as a teacher in Seesen for two years and then in five Zahna for five years but in 1856 he became “Inspektor“ at the zoological museum in Halle and in 1871 he was appointed extraordinary professor.
His insect studies were mainly applied to agriculture, horticulture and silviculture and he is an important figure in the history of Economic entomology.
His son Ernst Otto Wilhelm Taschenberg was also an entomologist specialising in Hymenoptera.
Taschenberg's faunistic collection of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera from Sachsen-Anhalt is in the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.