Etnnonymic surnames/nicknames may give rise to patronymic surnames: Arnaudov (from Arnaut, i. e. Albanian), Crnogorčević (from Crnogorac, Montenegrin), Horvatović (from Croat), Grković (from Greek).
A number of bynames were derived from the ethnonyms, usually from ethnic minorities, e.g., from "Liv"/"Livonian": Lībietis, Libete, Libes, Lybete, Libeth....[5][6] Kursis Curonians, Leitis (Leičiai), Prūsis (Prussians).
[7] Laimute Balode and Laura Grīviņa noted that during the process of Latvianization many surnames relating to ethnonyms were replaced, despite their Lithuanian etymology, due to their perceived negative connotations.
These include Krievs ‘Russian’, Žīdiņš < žīds ‘Jew’, Čigāns ‘Roma person’, Svede ‘Swede’.
Čigonas (Gypsy), Žydas, Vokietis/Vokietys (German), Turkas, Gudas (Belarusian), Lenkas (Pole), Latvis, Maskolius (Muscovite), Rusas, Paliokas (Pole) [9] Names of ancient Baltic tribes also used as surnames: Aistis (lt:Aisčiai Aesti), Jotvingas (Yatvingians), Notangas (Natangians).
[10] Yulia Gurskaya recorded a considerable number of ethnonymic surnames in historical documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (areas of modern Latgalia/Lithuania/Belarus/Ukraine).
[1] Other most frequent ethnonymic surnames are Oláh Romanian, Rácz Serb Török Ottoman, Turkish Magyar Hungarian Orosz Rusyn, Russian Lengyel Polish Székely Sekler Kun Cuman Cseh Bohemian, Czech Szász Saxon Polák Polish Bajor/Beyer Bayer Bavarian Olasz Italian Tatár Tatar Görög Greek Rusznyák Rusyn Unger Hungarian, Böhm Bohemian, Czech, Czigány Gypsy Szlávik Slavic Móré Romanian, Gypsy Uhrin Hungarian.
[1] The ethnicity gave rise to surnames in various European cultures: Mađar/Maďar/Madžar Magyar Ungar Ungaro Ungaretti Unger Ungerman, Ungermann [de] Ungur Ungureanu Vengerov Romanian philologist Ioan Bilețchi-Albescu specifically dealt with this subject.
Maria Cosniceanu notes that in documents of 14th-16th centuries the appellation "Rus" sometimes was not an ethnonym but from an archaic adjective meaning a darker shade of blond hair (cf.
[15] Arnăut (Albanians), Ceh (Czech), Frâncu/Frîncu, Grecu (Greek), Leahu (Pole), Neamțu (German), Muscalu (Russian, Muscovite), Ungur, Maghiar (Hungarian) Finnish language: Suomalainen (Finn) Ruotsalainen (Swede) Venäläinen (Russian) Virolainen (Estonian) Greek surnames: Albanian: Alvanos/Albanos, Arnaoutis, Arvanitis; Bulgarian: Voulgaris, Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians): Vlachos; Serb: Servos; Montenegro: Mavrovouniotis; Armenis (Armenian), Livanos (Lebanese), Frangos (Frank; basically a catch-all term for any Catholic in Greece), Maltezos (Maltese), Roussos (Russian) In Russia, 2% of Don Cossack surnames are ethnonymic, most common being Gruzinov (Грузинов, from "Georgian"), Nemchinov (Немчинов, from "German"), Tatarinov (Татаринов) Grekov (Греков), Kalmykov (Калмыков), Litvinov (Литвинов), Lyakhov (Ляхов).