Eucalyptus polyanthemos, commonly known as red box,[3] is a species of small to medium-sized tree, that is native to eastern Australia but has been introduced into other countries.

The fruit is a woody, barrel-shaped to conical capsule 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long and wide with the valves below the level of the rim.

[3][4][5][6][7] Eucalyptus polyanthemos was first formally described in 1843 by Johannes Schauer in Walpers' book Repertorium Botanices Systematicae.

[13] Subspecies marginalis is also found in Victoria, between the Greater Bendigo National Park and Stawell with outliers near Bacchus Marsh.

[23] The larvae of the moth species Trichiocercus sparshalli and the eucalyptus leaf mining sawfly Phylacteophaga froggatti feed on the leaves.

[28] In Gilmore in the Australian Capital Territory, a tree known as Murumbeeja Scarred Red Box No 1 is listed on the Register of the National Estate.

[30] Although usually considered to be slow growing, newly planted trees may have their growth rate enhanced with improved soil, good drainage and irrigation in the first two years.