[3][1] His study optimised a vast grid covering North Africa, Eastern Europe, Norway, and Iceland.
A number of other specific schemes have been proposed to create super grids of varying extent within Europe.
[14] A report by Pöyry stated that a super grid would only partially reduce the problems from intermittent renewable energy production.
While it found that spreading renewables across Europe produced a smoothing effect, large scale weather patterns would impact many European countries at similar times.
However this report does not consider the super grid covering the much larger area as the Czisch study, which would further smooth energy output to some extent.