Cisgender men may elect to undergo these procedures, and in the context of transgender people, FMS is a type of facial gender confirmation surgery (FGCS), which also includes facial feminization surgery (FFS) for transgender women.
"[5] In 2011, Douglas Ousterhout outlined the available FMS procedures, drawing on the work of Paul Tessier.
[6] In 2015 Shane Morrison published an overview of all gender affirming surgeries for trans men, including FMS.
[7] In 2017, Ousterhout's successor Jordan Deschamps-Braly published a case report on the first female-to-male facial confirmation surgery that included masculinization of the Adam's apple.
[18] In facial masculinization surgery, the goal is to create a more robust and square jaw with a sharper mandibular angle.