Faliscan language

[3] A specimen of the language appears written around the edge of a picture on a patera, the genuineness of which is established by the fact that the words were written before the glaze was put on: foied vino pipafo, cra carefo,[2] Latin: hodie vinum bibam, cras carebo, lit.

[4] That sample indicates that Faliscan was less conservative in some respects than Latin, with the wearing down of final case endings and the obscuring of the etymology of foied "today", which is more obvious in Latin hodie (from hoc die).The inscription (foied uino pafo cra carefo), Italian: "oggi berrò il vino, domani farò senza", was made over a kylix red figure vase found in Penna's Necropolis of Falerii Veteres at Tiber Valley, it is now conserved at the Etruscan National Museum of Villa Giulia in Rome.

[5] There are remains found in graves, which belong mainly to the period of Etruscan domination and give ample evidence of material prosperity and refinement.

While the change from f to h was taking place and awareness of the correct forms was being lost, some speakers started restoring f even when it was not etymologically appropriate.

It is possible that “β” was never incorporated into Faliscan because the /b/ phoneme was rare in the language and the difference between /b/ and /p/ was morphologically irrelevant.

[18] Theta, a Greek letter written as “Θ”, was also never formally incorporated into the Faliscan alphabet.

Although this variant may be a writing error, it occurs multiple times in separate Faliscan inscriptions, indicating that it may be a legitimate alternative to the more common version.

[14] Another example of this letter was found in a Latin inscription painted on the backs of three tiles in Ardea.

[25] Early Faliscan “A” or “𐌀” was changed into “,” a variant with an extended line and a slightly convex upper part.

It is unclear if this letter represented a separate phoneme from “𐌔” or if it was exclusively an orthographic difference.

The Faliscan letter “𐌏” which represented the “/o/“ phoneme, sometimes has a cursive variant with two open slits at the top and bottom.

[30] However, like Latin, it is possible that this form shifted to -ai with the progression of time, appearing in Middle and Late Faliscan inscriptions.

[31] The -ai form is also found used as a dative singular; it appears in sepulchral inscriptions such as "larise: mar||cna: citiai," which often read "[X] made this grave for [Y].

[39] In one Middle Faliscan inscription containing the word cicoi, the ending -oi likely functioned as a genitive singular form.

[44] Genitive singular forms for the third declension are also attested in the existing Faliscan corpus; the third declension genitive singular ending -os was considered by Italian scholar Gabriella Giacomelli to be one of the primary morphological distinctions between the Faliscan and Latin languages.

[45] However, this analysis is contradicted by Dr. Gabriël Bakkum, who notes that Old Latin and Faliscan both shared the genitive singular form -os.

[43] These -i stem words may have used the ending -es as their nominative plural and the genitive singular form -e,[43] likely representative of either the /-is/, /-es/, /-eʰ/, /-eˀ/, /-ẹʰ/, or /-ẹˀ/ phonemes.

The -i stem genitive plural is attested in the word [fel]ịcinatu from a Late Faliscan inscription.

Although this direct translation makes certain the reading of macistratu as an accusative singular, it also implies that the text may have adopted Latin characteristics and is therefore not fully reflective of Faliscan.

If the text was Faliscan, it may not have reflected the standard rendition of the language; -uos was possibly an uncommon ending compared to a hypothetical -ōs.

[48] The word mercui has been identified as possessing a dative singular ending of the Faliscan fourth declension;[48] the form -ui likely represented either the /-uǐ/ or /-ūǐ/ phonemes.

The word dies, restored from an incomplete Middle Faliscan inscription, may contain the nominative singular ending of the fifth declension.

[47] The fifth declension ablative singular ending may have been -ed; it is possibly attested in a Middle Faliscan inscription containing the adverb foied.

Athematic laryngeal verbs, such as the words porded and pipafo, were possibly also included within the first conjugation.

Sigmatic forms possibly appear in the verb keset, a synonym of Latin gessit.

[51] Other words, such as faced, may have been perfect forms that lost their reduplicative syllable or descended from old aorists.

[52] Early Faliscan writings contain evidence of the future imperative endings /-tōd/ in the word saluetod.

The verb "to be" contained subjunctive forms such as seite, likely derived from the Proto-Indo-European optative mood.

"The following Faliscan inscription dates back to the 7th or 6th century BCE and was identified on shards from a vase found in a tomb: "ceres : far me[re]tom/me[lc]tom or me[lq]tom/me[le]tom or me[la]tom : *[3-5]uf[1-4]ui[..]m : p[ore]kad or a[dkap]iad euios : mama z[e]xtos med f[if]iqod/f[ef]iqod : prau[i]os urnam : soc[iai] porded karai : eqo urnel[a] [ti]tela fitai dupes : arcentelom huti[c?

]ilom : pe:para[i] (por)douiad ["Translated, it reads:[59] "May Ceres extend/accept deserved/honeyed/ground spelt [3-5]uf[1-4]ui[..]m. Euius Mama Sextus fashioned/made me.

Faliscan Inscription of Foglia at Tiber Valley , written in the Faliscan alphabet.
Ancient Faliscan inscription from a 3rd-2nd century tombs in Contrada, Regoletti. [ 21 ]
Faliscan inscription found on a cup in the Fosso del Ponte delle Tavole by Corchiano . The inscription is considered to be incomprehensible. [ 24 ]
Latin inscription written in the Faliscan alphabet from Santa Maria di Falleri.