Farming systems in India
In India, in the alluvial plains of the Indus River in Pakistan, the old cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture.
India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, silk, groundnuts, and dozens more.
[3] Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas.
In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200 cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop.
Kharif crops are grown at the start of the monsoon until the beginning of the winter, relatively from June to November.
With a growing population and increasing demand for food, the necessity of water for agricultural productivity is crucial.
India faces the daunting task of increasing its food production by over 50 percent in the next two decades, and reaching towards the goal of sustainable agriculture requires a crucial role of water.
Western U.P., Punjab, Haryana, parts of Bihar, Orissa, A.P., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and other regions thrive on irrigation and generally practice multiple or double cropping.
Because of this, the resilience of the ecosystem is broken down and the land increasingly deteriorates [5] Odisha accounts for the largest area under shifting cultivation in India.
The area under natural forest has declined; the fragmentation of habitat, local disappearance of native species and invasion by exotic weeds and other plants are some of the other environmental consequences of shifting agriculture.
[5] In a commercial based agriculture, crops are raised in large-scale plantations or estates and shipped off to other countries for money.
It usually occurs at the margin of the agricultural system, at a great distance from the market or on poor land of limited potential and is usually practiced in the tarai regions of southern Nepal.
[6] Plantation agriculture involves a large farm or estate usually in a tropical or sub-tropical country where crops are grown for sale in distant markets rather than local consumption.
These demands can be met only by increasing production levels of these Aridisols through the adoption of farming technologies that improve physical properties as well as the biological processes of these soils.
Alternate farming systems are being sought for higher sustainable crop production at low input levels and to protect the soils from further degradation.
Structurally related physical properties and biological processes of soil often change when different cropping systems, tillage, or management practices are used.
Farming provides balanced nutrition for sustainable production through continuous turnover of organic matter in the soil.
[7] This extensive commercial system is characterized by the cultivation of a single cash crop in plantations of estates on a large scale.
Because it is a capital centered system, it is important to be technically advanced and have efficient methods of cultivation and tools including fertilizers and irrigation and transport facilities.
[8] In contrast to a naturally regenerated forest, tree plantations are typically grown as even-aged monocultures, primarily for timber production.
Plantation owners will grow trees that are best suited to industrial applications such as pine, spruce, and eucalyptus due to their fast growth rate, tolerance of rich or degraded agricultural land, and potential to produce large quantities of raw material for industrial use.
Because these plantations are made solely for the production of one material, there is a much smaller range of services for the local people.
Due to rising input costs of farming, many farmers have grown teak and bamboo plantations because they only require water during the first two years.
[9] Crop rotation can be classified as a type of subsistence farming if there is an individual or communal farmer doing the labor and if the yield is solely for their own consumption.
It is characterized by different crops being alternately grown on the same land in a specific order to have more effective control of weeds, pests, diseases, and more economical utilization of soil fertility.
An ideal cropping system should use natural resources efficiently, provide stable and high returns, and avoid environmental damage.
More than 40 million households in India are at least partially dependent on milk production, and developments in the dairy sector will have important repercussions on their livelihoods and on rural poverty levels.
The reasons are fear of unemployment, attachment to the land, lack of proper propaganda renunciation of membership by farmers and the existence of fake societies.
