While in Berlin, he worked closely with neurologist Hermann Oppenheim (1858-1919) and he lived on island Schwanenwerder.
In 1931 Krause retired from medicine, devoting his last years to artistic and musical pursuits in Rome.
Krause was a pioneer in the field of neurosurgery, and with Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) was responsible for introducing surgical operations for treatment of epilepsy into Germany.
He is also remembered for his work in plastic and reconstructive surgery, and was an early practitioner of intraoperative electrostimulation of the cerebral cortex.
Today the German Neurosurgical Society awards the "Fedor Krause Medal" for outstanding work in the field of neurosurgery.