His uncle, Jean Charles Ferdinand Humbert (1813–1881), was a famous landscape painter who had studied with Ingres.
He received his education at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he enrolled in 1861.
In 1874, he began what would become his major life's work; "Pro Patria" (For the Homeland), a series of wall paintings at the Panthéon, which were completed in 1900.
He served as a Professor at the École nationale until 1902, a few years after he opened his own art academy in the former studios of Fernand Cormon.
His other notable students included Marius Borgeaud, Marguerite Carpentier, Fernande Cormier, Cecilia Cuţescu-Storck, Andrée Lavieille, Henri Marret, and Francis Picabia.