In the mathematical theory of Riemann surfaces, the first Hurwitz triplet is a triple of distinct Hurwitz surfaces with the identical automorphism group of the lowest possible genus, namely 14 (genera 3 and 7 each admit a unique Hurwitz surface, respectively the Klein quartic and the Macbeath surface).
The explanation for this phenomenon is arithmetic.
Namely, in the ring of integers of the appropriate number field, the rational prime 13 splits as a product of three distinct prime ideals.
The principal congruence subgroups defined by the triplet of primes produce Fuchsian groups corresponding to the triplet of Riemann surfaces.
is a maximal order of
(see Hurwitz quaternion order), described explicitly by Noam Elkies [1].
In order to construct the first Hurwitz triplet, consider the prime decomposition of 13 in
Also consider the prime ideals generated by the non-invertible factors.
The principal congruence subgroup defined by such a prime ideal I is by definition the group namely, the group of elements of reduced norm 1 in
equivalent to 1 modulo the ideal
The corresponding Fuchsian group is obtained as the image of the principal congruence subgroup under a representation to PSL(2,R).
Each of the three Riemann surfaces in the first Hurwitz triplet can be formed as a Fuchsian model, the quotient of the hyperbolic plane by one of these three Fuchsian groups.
The Gauss–Bonnet theorem states that where
is the Euler characteristic of the surface and
we have thus we obtain that the area of these surfaces is The lower bound on the systole as specified in [2], namely is 3.5187.
Some specific details about each of the surfaces are presented in the following tables (the number of systolic loops is taken from [3]).
The term Systolic Trace refers to the least reduced trace of an element in the corresponding subgroup
The systolic ratio is the ratio of the square of the systole to the area.