[1] In February 1876, Dumartheray published the pamphlet Aux travailleurs manuels partisans de l'action politique, in which he advocated for "anarchist communism" - in the first documented use of the term.
[5][6] In August 1877, he returned to France in disguise and using the pseudonym "Versoix", in order to participate in the constitution of a French anti-authoritarian federation at a congress in La Chaux-de-Fonds.
In 1878, his paper Avante-Garde was shut down and he returned to Geneva, where he, Peter Kropotkin and Georges Herzig founded the newspaper Le Révolté in February 1879.
[1] By this time, a split had ruptured the International, as collectivists from Spain and democratic socialists from Belgium rejected the anarchist communist approach.
[8] That year, Dumartheray was offered amnesty by the French government of Jules Grévy, but he decided not to return to France and largely ceased political activities.