Peeters obtained his doctorate at the University of Antwerp and completed postdoctoral research at Bell Laboratories and Bellcore.
He subsequently returned to Belgium and joined the Antwerp faculty.
[1][2] In 2005, Peeters was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, which recognized him "[f]or his sustained, important contributions to theoretical solid state physics, in particular to the areas of mesoscopic superconductivity and nanostructured semiconductors.
"[3] Peeters' election as a member of Academia Europaea took place in 2010.
[4] In 2020, Peeters succeeded Aron Pinczuk as editor-in-chief of the journal Solid State Communications.