In 1836 he worked as a professor at the Lyceum in Salzburg, returning to Vienna the following year as primary surgeon at the general hospital.
In Vienna, he was a colleague of physician Joseph Škoda (1805–1881), and an instructor to Austrian-American dermapathologist Carl Heitzmann (1836–1896).
He died in December 1865 from a malignant fever and blood poisoning, possibly due to a septic infection.
Franz Schuh was a medical pioneer who advanced scientific surgical practices in Vienna.
In 1840 he is credited with performing the first successful pericardiocentesis (pericardiac aspiration), and in January 1847, he was the first Austrian physician to use ether as an anesthetic on a human patient.