Born in West Haven, Vermont, Martin went to New Hartford, New York, in 1804 and attended the local schools.
He settled in Olean, New York, in the spring of 1818, ran a hotel, and also carried on a lumber business.
In 1831 he started his own mercantile and dry goods firm, which he operated for 20 years before selling it to his son.
He was appointed judge of the county court in January 1840 by Governor Seward and served for five years.
Beginning in the mid-1830s, Martin was a leading proponent of constructing the Genesee Valley Canal.