Frederick Tansley Munnings

Frederick Tansley Munnings (1875, Lowestoft – 1953)[1] was a 20th-century British spiritualist medium and former burglar.

[1][3] Munnings claimed to be a "direct voice" medium, but was exposed as a fraud when one of his séance sitters turned the lights on, revealing him to be holding a trumpet by means of a telescopic extension piece and using an angle piece to change the auditory effect of his voice.

[4] In February 1926 a public warning against Munnings was issued in the press by Arthur Conan Doyle, Abraham Wallace, R. H. Saunders, and H. D.

[5] The psychical researcher Harry Price also exposed his fraudulent mediumship.

Munnings claimed to produce the independent "spirit" voices of Julius Caesar, Dan Leno, Hawley Harvey Crippen and King Henry VIII.