Fringe theories on the location of New Albion

In 1579 as part of this voyage he landed on the west coast of North America which consequently has drawn the attention of scores of historians, geographers, linguists, anthropologists and other professionals.

More than a score of ideas for an alternative to Drake's New Albion claim have been put forth which cover the coast from Alaska to Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Download coordinates as: Several official agencies have commemorated the possible location of Francis Drake's landing in Marin County, California.

Careening at a more northern location would have provided for more exploration time on the various coastlines such as entering the Strait of Juan de Fuca and sighting more northwest passage prospects.

The expedition narratives should therefore reflect a more probabilistic itinerary, including the careening and the sealing sites in the absence of hard facts such as archeological digs proofs.

section page 360, Bawlf identified[9] a simple scheme by which the official Hakluyt narrative critical expedition data of date time had been easily obfuscated and could therefore be easily unscrambled: "As part of the cover-up of Drake's northern explorations, the dates of his arrival at, and departure from, his careenage were altered or omitted from the published accounts.

The World Encompassed, from which Hakluyt adapted these accounts of the northern voyage, states that Drake arrived on June 17 and departed on July 23, establishing that he spent a little over five weeks at the careenage.

However, the "Anonymous Narrative", which gives the true latitude of the careenage and therefore is the most reliable source, states that he departed there at "ye latter end of August."

In all probability, then, the simple expedient of changing the month of Drake's sojourn at the careenage from July-August to June-July (leaving the numerical dates unaltered) was employed in The World Encompassed to conceal a month of his secret explorations, and the true dates for Drake's arrival at and departure from the careenage were July 17 and August 23, respectively.

[11] It has been suggested that Queen Elizabeth's desire to maintain secrecy of the locations and extent of Drake's north Pacific explorations led to suppression and obfuscation of the reports.

Although the defeat of the Spanish Armada by Drake in 1588 may have alleviated the need for secrecy, the strategic quest for the Northwest Passage remained long after.

Michael Turner's visits to Drake sites around the world have otherwise shown accurate records where there was no secrecy order at stake.

[13] Bawlf proposes that Drake established New Albion at Comox Bay (see below) and careened the Golden Hinde at Whale Cove (see below).

In December, 2013, metal detector operator Bruce Campbell found an English coin made between 1551 and 1553 near Victoria, British Columbia.

He points to a number of pieces of evidence in support of his view that the official published record of Drake's voyage was deliberately altered to suppress the true extent of his discoveries.

About 1995, Will Paulik, a local historian and environmentalist, suggested Drake landed at Boundary Bay 49°04′46″N 122°51′34″W / 49.0795°N 122.8595°W / 49.0795; -122.8595 Northeast of Point Roberts, Washington and to the east of Vancouver Island.

Robert Ward proposed that Drake ventured as far North as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, 48°28′41″N 124°41′17″W / 48.478°N 124.688°W / 48.478; -124.688 but traveled South to Whale Cove (see under Oregon) to careen the Golden Hinde and establish New Albion.

)[34] Laird's proposal has Drake traveling the entire distance and dangerous Inside Passage at surprising speed, covering the 6,600 miles in 62 days.

Nelson proposed that after the loss of his flagship, Drake explored in a small boat for five days and then moved the Los Reyes to a second port at Lummi Bay, Washington.48°46′N 122°40′W / 48.77°N 122.67°W / 48.77; -122.67 .

An article "Edward Wright's World Chart 1599 published in the blind peer-review "Terrae Incognitae" journal of the Society for the Histories of Discoveries contains Queen Elizabeth's Privy Seal.

In 1978 British amateur historian Bob Ward proposed[45] that Drake actually landed much farther north, in Whale Cove in present-day Oregon.44°47′20″N 124°04′14″W / 44.788944°N 124.070689°W / 44.788944; -124.070689 Advocates have argued that when Captain James Cook first sighted the American coast at Cape Foulweather two centuries later, he described it in his log, with unknowing accuracy, as "the long-looked for coast of New Albion."

Drake and Queen Elizabeth, they argue, falsified the location because he mistakenly thought he had discovered the North West Passage when he found, and sailed into, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which today separates Vancouver Island, British Columbia from the mainland Olympic Peninsula of Washington state.

[74] The new ideas ignore the difficulty of finding the Bay from the sea including the fog and islands which make the entrance to the Golden Gate nearly invisible.

[75] Duane Van Dieman developed a notion that Drake entered San Francisco Bay and careened the Golden Hinde at Strawberry Cove.

[76][77][78] Robert Stupack believes Drake established New Albion at Portsmouth Cove 37°58′01″N 122°29′42″W / 37.967°N 122.495°W / 37.967; -122.495 and then careened the Golden Hinde at Larkspur.

The excavations "did not reveal any historic material which would lead anyone to believe the site experienced any contact with Caucasian parties of the 16th century.

[89] Robert C. Thomas advocates that Drake landed at Olompali, on the Petaluma River, inside San Francisco Bay.

Thomas believes that while "there appeared to be no break in the shoreline" showing San Francisco Bay, Drake ran into a "strong current."

Risking "imminent danger," Drake "was committed to an uncontrollable approach" and then "miraculously...found that they had passed through..." the Golden Gate.

According to Thomas, over the next five days, Drake explored the 21 nautical miles in the northwest portion of San Francisco Bay, ignored numerous promising harbors, and moved "his ship on June 21" to Chok-olom, the port near Olomp-ali.38°07′08″N 122°30′54″W / 38.119°N 122.515°W / 38.119; -122.515 Thomas glosses over the fact that the Marin "peninsula" is not visible or discernible from the coast.