Fritz Alexander Ernst Noether (7 October 1884 – 10 September 1941) was a Jewish German mathematician who emigrated from Nazi Germany to the Soviet Union.

Starting in 1904, Fritz studied mathematics in Erlangen and then in Munich, where he obtained his doctorate in 1909 with a dissertation about rolling movements of a sphere on surfaces of rotation, written under the direction of Aurel Voss.

As was revealed much later,[8] on 8 September 1941, less than three months after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court sentenced Noether to death on the accusation of "anti-Soviet propaganda".

On 22 Dec 1988, the Plenum of the USSR Supreme Court ruled that Noether had been convicted on groundless charges and voided his sentence, thus fully rehabilitating him.

Heisenberg had analyzed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in fluids, and Noether claimed that the applied methods were not rigorous.