After studying in Munich and Berlin, in 1901 Schumacher became a professor for interior design at the technical university in Dresden.
He constructed many municipal buildings there, often with former student and architectural sculptor Richard Kuöhl.
1908, age 39, he accepted an offer as building director for the city of Hamburg, and took up that post in 1909.
These designs till his retirement in 1933 changed the face of the city towards the art and architecture movement of Neue Sachlichkeit and gave an emphasis on the local building material of "brick".
The legacy of his achievements are still visible in many districts of Hamburg today, and very often base for the city's current urban design issues.