Fuefuki was the center of ancient Kai Province and contains many burial mounds from the Kofun period.

During the Edo period, all of Kai Province was tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate, with a daikansho based at the village of Isawa.

[citation needed] The modern city of Fuefuki was established on October 12, 2004, from the merger of the towns of Ichinomiya, Isawa, Misaka and Yatsushiro, the village of Sakaigawa (all from Higashiyatsushiro District), and the town of Kasugai (from Higashiyamanashi District).

Fuefuki has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 19 members.

The economy of Fuefuki is based on agriculture (horticulture), seasonal tourism and the production of wine.