Functionally graded material
A transregional collaborative research center (SFB Transregio) is funded since 2006 in order to exploit the potential of grading monomaterials, such as steel, aluminium and polypropylen, by using thermomechanically coupled manufacturing processes.
There are several examples of FGMs in nature, including bamboo and bone, which alter their microstructure to create a material property gradient.
Specifically within the variation of chemical compositions, the manipulation of the mineralization, the presence of inorganic ions and biomolecules, and the level of hydration have all been known to cause gradients in plants and animals.
The term maxel was introduced in 2005 by Rajeev Dwivedi and Radovan Kovacevic at Research Center for Advanced Manufacturing (RCAM).
A maxel is also used in the context of the additive manufacturing processes (such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, etc.)
Advanced Materials and Processes Strategic Research Programme (AMPSRA) have done analysis on producing a thermal barrier coating using Zr02 and NiCoCrAlY.
The rendition of the term that relates to the additive fabrication processes has its origins at the RMRG (Rapid Manufacturing Research Group) at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom.
The term forms a part of a descriptive taxonomy of terms relating directly to various particulars relating to the additive CAD-CAM manufacturing processes, originally established as a part of the research conducted by architect Thomas Modeen into the application of the aforementioned techniques in the context of architecture.
are stiffer and thus pose a risk of creating abnormal physiological conditions that alter the stress concentration at the interface between the implant and the bone.
[11] An example of a FGM for use in orthopedic implants is carbon fiber reinforcement polymer matrix (CRFP) with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).
However, HA exhibits lower fracture strength and toughness compared to bone, which requires it to be used in conjunction with other materials in implants.
One study combined HA with alumina and zirconia via a spark plasma process to create a FGM that shows a mechanical gradient as well as good cellular adhesion and proliferation.
M. Islam [18] studied the mechanical and vibrational properties of functionally graded Cu-Ni nanowires using molecular dynamics simulation.
[19][20][21][22] However, recently a new micro-mechanical model is developed to calculate the effective elastic Young modulus for graphene-reinforced plates composite.
The model considers the average dimensions of the graphene nanoplates, weight fraction, and the graphene/ matrix ratio in the Representative Volume Element.
The dynamic behavior of this functionally graded polymer-based composite reinforced with graphene fillers is crucial for engineering applications.
