From 1922 to 1924 he served in Glasgow Patrick St. Mary's and in 1924 he became regius professor of divinity and church history at the University of Aberdeen.
In 1937 Cambridge University Press published a collection of his essays under the title Religious Life in Seventeenth-Century Scotland.
[7] After his death, The Scottish Historical Review said that Henderson's "contributions to the history of the Church were always distinguished for their wide scholarship and critical judgment clothed with a warm humanity".
[8] The Times stated that Henderson was "one of the greatest Church historians Scotland ever produced, and in almost all his prolific writings was concerned to maintain and expand the Presbyterian doctrine of worship and government as that had developed down four centuries".
[2] A collection of his essays, The Burning Bush: Studies in Scottish Church History, was published posthumously.