He played college football at Ohio State and was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the first round of the 2017 NFL draft.

[4][5] On November 29, 2016, Conley was named Second-team All-Big Ten Conference by the Coaches and Third-team by the media.

He also participated at Ohio State's Pro Day, but chose to only perform positional drills for representatives and scouts in attendance.

[8] He was ranked the second best cornerback, behind Ohio State teammate Marshon Lattimore, by NFLDraftScout.com, ESPN, and NFL analyst Mike Mayock.

[9][10][11] Just days prior to the 2017 NFL draft, a woman accused Conley of rape, claiming it had occurred earlier in the month in a hotel room in Cleveland.

[23] In Week 4 of the 2018 season, against the Cleveland Browns, Conley recorded a 36-yard pick-six off of Baker Mayfield for his first professional touchdown.

[24] In week 11 against the Arizona Cardinals, Conley intercepted Josh Rosen's first pass of the game; the Raiders eventually won 23-21.

[29] In week 1 against the Broncos, Conley made 4 tackles before suffering a neck injury when teammate Johnathan Abram's leg hit him on the top of his helmet.

[30][31] In week 5 against the Chicago Bears, Conley recorded an interception off Chase Daniel late in the fourth quarter which sealed a 24–21 win.

[34] In the divisional round of the playoffs against the Kansas City Chiefs, Conley recorded 5 tackles and sacked quarterback Patrick Mahomes once during the 51–31 loss.