[1] The Northern Range, an outlier of the Andes Mountains of Venezuela, consists of rugged hills that parallel the coast.

[1] Most of the soils of Trinidad are fertile, with the exception of the sandy and unstable terrain found in the southern part of the island.

[1] Tobago is mountainous and dominated by the Main Ridge, which is 29 kilometres (18 mi) long with elevations up to 550 meters.

[1] Because it was once part of continental South America, Trinidad has an assortment of tropical vegetation and wildlife considerably more varied than that of most Caribbean islands.

[2] The Northern Lowlands (East–West Corridor and Caroni Plains) consist of younger shallow marine clastic sediments.

[citation needed] South of this, the Central Range fold and thrust belt consists of Cretaceous and Eocene sedimentary rocks, with Miocene formations along the southern and eastern flanks.

[citation needed] These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault.

[citation needed] The rocks consist of sandstones, shales, siltstones and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the Pleistocene.

[1] The island receives an average of 2,110 millimeters (83.1 in) of rainfall per year, usually concentrated in the months of June through December, when brief, intense showers frequently occur.

The hurricane killed 18 people on Tobago and caused $30:million in crop and property damages (1963 USD).

[4] Tropical Storm Alma hit Trinidad in 1974, causing damage before reaching full strength.

[5] Area:total: 5,128 km2[3]land: 5,128 km2[3]water: negligible[3] Coastline: 362 km[3] Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)[3]continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the outer edge of the continental margin[3]exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)[3]territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)[3] Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains[3] Extreme points: Northernmost point: Marble Island, Tobago[citation needed] Southernmost point: Icacos, Siparia region, Trinidad Island[citation needed] Westernmost point: Icacos, Siparia region, Trinidad Island[citation needed] Easternmost point: Easternmost tip of Little Tobago, Tobago[citation needed] Lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m[citation needed] Highest point: El Cerro del Aripo, Trinidad 940 m[citation needed] Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt[3] Land use: arable land: 4.9% permanent crops: 4.3% permanent pasture: 1.4% forest: 44%other: 45.4% (2018 est.