George Alfred Caldwell (October 18, 1814 – September 17, 1866) was a United States representative from Kentucky's 4th Congressional district from 1843 to 1845 and 1849 to 1851.

He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1837 and commenced practice in Adair County, Kentucky.

During his term, he served as chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Treasury (Twenty-eighth Congress).

He was made a brevetted lieutenant colonel September 13, 1847, for service in the Battle of Chapultepec, Mexico and honorably mustered out August 25, 1848.

After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law in Louisville, Kentucky with his brother Isaac Caldwell.