Ger district

They usually consist of parcels with one or more detached traditional mobile dwellings or gers (hence the name), surrounded by two-metre high wooden fences.

An oft-cited problem of Ger districts in Ulaanbaatar and a number of other larger Mongolian cities is the air pollution (especially in winter) caused by the burning of raw coal in simple iron stoves for cooking and heating.

Ulaanbaatar's Ger district is evolving and is marked by swift change over the past three decades since 1990, coupled with rising inequality.

The Citizen Groups (CGs), semi-formal civil society organizations mainly led by women, work in ger suburbs surrounding Ulaanbaatar.

Challenges include high staff turnover, limited local government authority, and unclear legal status for CGs.