Dzotsenidze was born in a peasant family in Kutaisi and graduated from the Tbilisi State University in 1929.

In 1933–1934, he briefly headed the department of mineralogy and petrography at the pedagogical institute in Kutaisi, and from 1934 to 1959 held positions of professor, dean and rector (1958–59) of the Tbilisi University.

Between 1951 and 1955, he was a secretary, and from 1955 to 1958, he was the first vice-president of the Georgian Academy of Sciences.

His scientific works concerned paleovolcanology and the connection between magmatism and tectonics.

In 1959, he was chosen as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR; in 1960, he was appointed as the deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.