Global apartheid

[1] The concept of global apartheid has been developed by many researchers, including Titus Alexander,[2] Bruno Amoroso,[3] Patrick Bond,[4] Gernot Kohler,[5] Arjun Makhijiani,[6] Ali Mazuri,[7][8] Vandana Shiva,[9] Anthony H. Richmond,[10] Joseph Nevins,[11] Muhammed Asadi,[12] Gustav Fridolin,[13] and many others.

[19] and Bosak's Kairos, Crisis, and Global Apartheid[20] The first use of the term may have been by Gernot Koehler in a 1978 Working Paper[21] for the World Order Models Project.

[22] Its best known use was by Thabo Mbeki, then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons of the status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era.

Alexander argued that apartheid was a system of one-sided protectionism, in which the rich white minority used their political power to exclude the black majority from competing on equal terms, and warned that "the intensification of economic competition as a result of greater free trade is increasing political pressures for one-sided protectionism.

"[24] Alexander claims there are numerous pillars of global apartheid including:[2] More recently, scholars such as Thanh-Dam Truong and Des Gasper, inTransnational Migration and Human Security[25] and Kyle and Koslowsk in In Global Human Smuggling, analyse the rise of migrant smuggling and human trafficking in terms of the "structural violence generated by the escalation of border interdiction by states as part of the system of global apartheid.

Fence between San Diego 's border patrol offices in California (left) and Tijuana , Mexico. Militarized border controls that prevent people from the Global South from moving to the Global North are cited as an example of global apartheid [ 1 ]