[2] The eastern boundary of the County borders the Nebraska state line.

[4] This area was part of territories, at one time or another, claimed by: Spain, France, Great Britain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas.

The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 permanently established the claim of the United States to the area.

[3] By the 1820s, the North Platte River had become a route for westward-bound fur traders and trappers.

By the late 1850s, it was the route for regularly scheduled east–west stagecoaches carrying passengers and the U.S. mail, and for the short-lived Pony Express carrying mail from Missouri to California (April 1860 to November 1861).

From September 1876 to February 1887, a north–south, Cheyenne-Deadwood stage coach line ran through the county from Cheyenne to the gold fields of the Dakota Territory.

John C. Frémont camped in that area on July 14, 1843, and recorded that name in his journal, during an expedition on the Oregon Trail.

The Land of Goshen in Egypt, mentioned in the 45th chapter of the Genesis in the Bible, has been suggested as the most likely.

[6] The county is situated in the High Plains east of the Rocky Mountains.

On June 5, 2009, a weather research team known as VORTEX2 observed and measured the full life cycle of a tornado in eastern Goshen County.

As of the 2000 United States Census,[15] of 2000, there were 12,538 people, 5,061 households, and 3,426 families in the county.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 13,249 people, 5,311 households, and 3,466 families in the county.