From 1711 to 1917, the Governing Senate[a] was the highest legislative, judicial, and executive body subordinate to the Russian emperors.

The senate was instituted by Peter the Great to replace the Boyar Duma and lasted until the very end of the Russian Empire.

Originally established only for the time of Peter's absence, it became a permanent body after his return.

The State Council, created by Alexander I, was supposed to inherit the executive power of the Senate.

It also included a Department of Heraldry, which managed matters relating to the rights of the nobles and honorary citizens.