Gully

Gullies are commonly related to intermittent or ephemeral water flow, usually associated with localised intense or protracted rainfall events or snowmelt.

While highlands with stable lithology avoid gullying yet allow for vigorous runoff, uplands with friable sandstones are more prone to erosion.

The erosion processes include incision and bank erosion by water flow, mass movement of saturated or unsaturated bank or wall material, groundwater seepage - sapping the overlying material, collapse of soil pipes or tunnels in dispersive soils, or a combination of these to a greater or lesser degree.

The flowing water easily carries the eroded soil after being dislodged from the ground, typically when rainfall falls during short, intense storms such as thunderstorms.

[6] The loss of fertile farmland due to gully erosion is a severe environmental problem that lowers crop quality and may cause famine and food shortages.

These techniques include keeping vegetation along drainage lines, using more water, classifying drainage lines as distinct land classes, stabilizing erosion, preventing vermin, distributing runoff evenly, keeping soil organic matter levels high, and avoiding over-cultivation.

[8] This review attempts to make a valuable contribution to effective gully prevention and management techniques by combining information from previous research.

It is possible to stop the creation of gullies by changing how land is used, conserving water and soil, or implementing specific actions in areas with concentrated flow.

The biophysical environment, terrain, climate, and geomorphology are examples of external elements that affect gully prevention and control.

This implies a notable variation in the average evaluations across impacted individuals, underscoring the necessity for long-term repair approaches.

Artificial gullies are formed during hydraulic mining when jets or streams of water are projected onto soft alluvial deposits to extract gold or tin ore.

The badlands at Las Medulas, for example, was created during the Roman period by hushing or hydraulic mining of the gold-rich alluvium with water supplied by numerous aqueducts tapping nearby rivers.

Public education is essential for a sustainable termination strategy, and collaboration between the government, donors, the private sector, and rural people is crucial.

[18] Gullies are widespread at mid-to-high latitudes on the surface of Mars and are some of the youngest features observed on that planet, probably forming within the last few 100,000 years.

There, they are one of the best lines of evidence for the presence of liquid water on Mars in the recent geological past, probably resulting from the slight melting of snowpacks on the surface[19] or ice in the shallow subsurface[20] on the warmest days of the Martian year.