They may include withholding of wages or social security payments or garnishments from bank accounts.

The convention is applicable to all 27 member states except Denmark and only applies to those territories that form part of the European Union.

Also the UK was covered by the European Union territory with regards to this convention until 1 January 2021 (the end of the transition period, when it became a member itself.

The United States Senate approved the treaty in 2010,[2] and implementation legislation has been passed on a federal level (Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act, public law 113-183).

Which law is applicable on maintenance obligations is not governed by the conventions but by a protocol concluded on the same day.

In 2010, it was ratified by the European Union, which declared it had competence over all matters concerning the protocol with regards to all its member states except for Denmark and the United Kingdom.

Serbia has ratified the Protocol on 10 April 2013, leading to entry into force of the convention on 1 August 2013.