Halil Hamid Pasha

Halil Hamid Pasha, also Khaleel Hameed Basha (1736–1785) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 31 December 1782 to 30 April 1785.

[4] Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation.

[4] Halil Hamid Pasha had argued for a path towards modernization for the Ottoman Empire, and a conciliatory stance against Russia, but he was ultimately suspected of plotting for the succession of Abdul Hamid I and future ruler Selim III, due to reactionary intrigues and the rise of the anti-French sentiment.

[5][6] Secret correspondence between Selim III and Louis XVI was discovered, and a plot against the current ruler was alleged.

[1] Some returned to Constantinople, but eventually all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.

The Imperial School of Engineering Muhendishane , in Tableau des nouveaux reglemens de l'Empire Ottoman by Mahmoud Rayf Efendi, Constantinople, 1789.