Hammer and sickle

[2][3] In 1918, Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin proposed a 'hammer and sickle' symbol as a decoration for the May Day celebrations in the Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow.

[6][failed verification] In 1919, the new Republic of Austria introduced a sickle and a hammer to its coat of arms, one in each talon of its supporting eagle, to represent the farming and industrial classes.

In his work, Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy, sociologist David Lempert hypothesizes that the hammer and sickle was a secular replacement for the patriarchal cross.

[10] The de facto government of Transnistria uses (with minor modifications) the flag and the emblem of the former Moldavian SSR, which includes the hammer and sickle.

The logo of the Communist Party of Turkey consists of half a cog wheel crossed by a hammer, with a star on the top.

[citation needed] Tools represented in other designs include: the brush, sickle and hammer of the Workers' Party of Korea; the spade, flaming torch and quill used prior to 1984 by the British Labour Party; the pickaxe and rifle used in communist Albania; and the hammer and compasses of the East German emblem and flag.

[13] In 1938, the Dobama Asiayone, an anti-British nationalist group in the then British Burma, adopted a tricolour flag charged with red sickle and hammer.

[citation needed] The election symbol of Communist Party of India consists of a horizontal sickle, vertically crossed by Ears of Corn in the center.

The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism, but it has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture.

Georgia,[16] Hungary,[17] Latvia,[18] Lithuania,[19] Moldova (1 October 2012 – 4 June 2013)[20] and Ukraine[21][22][23] have banned communist symbols including this one.

The European Commission turned down this request, finding after a study that the criteria for EU-wide criminal legislation were not met, leaving individual member states to determine the extent to which they wished to handle past totalitarian crimes.

[31][32] In January 2018, an activist protesting against Bumi Resources displayed the hammer and sickle, was accused of spreading communism, and later jailed.