[11] The highest frequency and diversity of haplogroup P clades is observed in Southeast Asia, specifically on the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.

[13] The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[5][14] Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it.

[5] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.

[18][19] Many modern ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[20] and 35% among Nivkh males.

[5] "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area.

However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"