Hargrave is affiliated with the Baptist General Association of Virginia emphasizing Christian values that focuses on a college and military preparatory program.

[5] HMA has consistently operated independent of JROTC, however, including by utilizing its own uniforms, cadet rank structure, and chain of command.

Female cadets were admitted for the first time in the 1975–1976 year, and Geri Lou Huizinga and Lynn Emerson became the first women to graduate from HMA in 1976.

Hargrave made the transition back to an all-male school in the early 2000s; the last female cadets graduated in 2009.

In 1981, the school presented for the first time the General Douglas MacArthur Award; the first cadet to receive it was Henry A. Haymes.

Hargrave utilizes an "Enhanced Learning Through Technology" program, providing internet access in every room on campus.

Cadets have the ability to work on class material, study, and contact their instructors at any time, from any place on campus.

[9] Cadet technology resources require a personal computer for every student, while Hargrave provides access to Google Drive.

An SAT prep program, and a variety of computer-based teaching applications in mathematics, English and psychology are all parts of Hargrave's academic approach.

Hargrave Cadets are taught to lead in an academic environment and through practical application by applying learned leadership techniques in day-to-day situations.

[10] According to its website, "Hargrave's military program is designed to present an environment in which a Cadet may gain a sense of humor, commitment, and fidelity.

The daily exposure of a military environment assists Cadets in developing self-discipline, character, ethics, team building, and leadership."

Military aspects include the wearing of uniforms, a military-style organization of personnel, ranks, and a chain of command.

The Corps of Cadets consists of a battalion divided into four companies: Alpha, Bravo, Delta, and Band.

After attending Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCO) School prior to the beginning of the academic year, cadets can obtain NCO ranks and positions.

One cadet is appointed to the rank of Command Sergeant Major, serving on Battalion staff as the highest-ranking NCO.

[11] Blouse rank insignia on HMA dress uniforms is similar to those used at West Point, with large yellow and black edged stripes.