Harry Lionel Shapiro (March 19, 1902 – January 7, 1990) was an American anthropologist and eugenicist.

While he was a senior at Harvard he was awarded a graduate fellowship from Yale in 1923 to pursue a genetic study of the descendants of the mutineers of HMS Bounty.

Shapiro concurrently taught at Columbia University as an adjunct Professor of Anthropology from 1938 to 1973.

[3] Shapiro was a founding member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1930 (AAPA) and between 1935 and 1939 served a term as its secretary and subsequently as vice-president (1941–42).

He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1949 and served as chairman of the anthropology section from 1953 to 1957.