Among this population, the number of employed individuals reached 72.3 million, involved in the 99 main types of productive and nonproductive activities.

[3] In modern conditions, the world experts estimate the overall health of the Russian working population (men 18–60 years, women 18–55 years) to be rather low due to the high mortality rate, significantly higher male mortality level, and a high prevalence of major noncommunicable diseases, especially those of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive system.

According to official government statistics, 1 of every 3 workers in Russia is exposed to harmful working conditions in which the levels of exposure in the workplace exceed the national hygienic standards.

After Boris Yeltsin resigned, privatization was no longer the priority, with Vladimir Putin bringing back higher funding to the state-owned healthcare system.

Due to the Russian financial crisis since 2014, major cuts in health spending have resulted in a decline in the quality of service of the state healthcare system.

[9] In 1912, an interdepartmental commission concluded that 'a vast part of Russia has as yet absolutely no provisions for medical aid'.

Social insurance was re-organised as a five-tier sickness- and accident-benefit scheme which in principle included healthcare and medical treatment by October 1918.

Nikolai Semashko was appointed People's Commissar of Public Health of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and served in that role from 11 July 1918 until 25 January 1930.

[19] It established new organisations, sometimes replacing old ones: the All Russia Federated Union of Medical Workers, the Military Sanitary Board, the State Institute for Social Hygiene, the Petrograd Skoraya Emergency Care, and the Psychiatry Commission.

The Scientific Practical Skoraya Care Institute opened in 1932 in Leningrad, running training courses for doctors.

[24] As a self-defined socialist society, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, founded in 1922) developed a totally state-run health-care model—the Semashko system — centralized, integrated, and hierarchically organised with the government providing state-funded health care to all citizens.

P. Mihály, writing in 2000, characterized the original Semashko model as a "coherent, cost-effective system to cope with the medical necessities of its own time".

[25] The integrated model achieved considerable success in dealing with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever and typhus.

[27][28][29] In the post-Stalin era, as the Soviet bureaucracy gained more power and autonomy, this priority medical access became an especially coveted privilege of party and state elites.

[30] Despite a doubling in the number of hospital beds and doctors per capita between 1950 and 1980, the lack of money that had been going into health was patently obvious.

By 1997, five years after the reforms described below, WHO estimated health expenditure per capita in the Russian Federation in 1997 as 251 US dollars, as opposed to $1,211 in Spain, $1,193 in the UK, $1,539 in Finland and $3,724 in the United States.

Finally, it was intended that insurance contributions would supplement budget revenues and thus help to maintain adequate levels of healthcare funding.

According to Mark Britnell the constitutional right to healthcare is "blocked by opaque and bureaucratic systems of planning and regulation", reimbursement rates which do not cover providers costs and high levels of informal payment to secure timely access.

[35] In May 2012 Putin signed the May Decrees which included a plan to double the wages of healthcare staff by 2018 and gradual privatisation of state health services.

[38] Perceived advantages of private healthcare include access to modern medical equipment and shorter waiting lists for specialist treatment.

[37] Revenues for the leading private medical institutions in the country reached €1 billion by 2014, with double-digit levels of growth in the previous years.

[42] The Russian health insurance market is oriented towards large companies, with corporate clients accounting for 90% of all the policies.

[40] Most of the individuals who buy health insurance are related to people covered by employer-sponsored schemes, with the rest accounting for less than 2% of all policies.

[44] The largest private healthcare provider by revenue is Medsi [ru],[39] whose main shareholder is the Sistema conglomerate.

[44] Foreign healthcare providers with a presence in Russia include Fresenius, which has a network of dialysis centers in the country.

[44] Leading providers of healthcare insurance in Russia included Sogaz, Allianz, RESO-Garantia, AlfaStrakhovanie as well as the formerly state-owned Rosgosstrakh and Ingosstrakh.

[2] In an effort to stem Russia's demographic crisis, the government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more immigrants to alleviate the problem.

[58] Due to the aforementioned reasons, the officially registered occupational morbidity rate in the Russian Federation for many decades (1990–2010) ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 cases per 10,000 employees.

More than 90% of all newly diagnosed occupational diseases are found in 4 industries: All the other percents are shared between construction, production, and dispensation of electricity, gas and water, health care, fisheries and fish farming.

Occupational morbidity rates in the Russian Federation over the past few decades have declined, despite the continued increase in the proportion of jobs with poor working conditions.