Born in Diemarden near Göttingen, Schachtebeck attended the Höhere Bürgerschule in Göttingen and received his first violin lessons from Eduard Gustav Wolschke, the then chief conductor of the Göttinger Symphonie Orchester.
Afterwards, he received private lessons from Walter Hansmann and took part in concerts with the Gewandhaus.
From 1929 to 1936, Schachtebeck was a lecturer at the University of Leipzig, but was dismissed because of his marriage to the Odessa-born pianist and "Half-Jew", Augusta Schachtebeck-Sorocker († 1944).
He also had to quit his position at the Theatre Altenburg-Gera [de] which he could hold only with special permission, and so he was without a permanent employment from 1944.
From 1946 to 1948 he was a violin teacher and acting director of the Academy of Music in Leipzig.