He received his first violin lessons within the family, and after his father's death with the concertmaster Dahmen of the Utrechts Symfonie Orkest [nl].
[1] In 1877, Petri performed Spohr's "Gesangscene" Violin Concerto in a minor at the Crystal Palace Concerts in London.
He remained in this position until 1889; he then became Royal Saxon concertmaster (Königliche Sächsischer Konzertmeister) at the Dresdner Hofkapelle, (present-day Staatskapelle Dresden) .
Among his students were the conductor Willem Mengelberg, the composers Gustav Carl Luders, Dora Pejačević, Arno Starck, and the violinists Franz Spiess and Alberto Bachmann.
In Dresden, he founded his own Petri Quartet together with Erdmann Warwas (violin), Alfred Spitzner (viola) and Georg Wille (cello).