Heresiology

In theology or the history of religion, heresiology is the study of heresy, and heresiographies are writings about the topic.

Church scholars studied and documented the teachings of various Christian sects in order to clearly distinguish between those they accepted as orthodox and those they rejected as heretical.

In Islam, heresiology surveyed both the various Muslim sects, and also other religions such as Christianity and Judaism.

Some, like Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi and Ibn Hazm wrote polemical works, arguing the falseness of sects and religions other than their own.

Others, like al-Shahrastani's Al-Milal wa al-Nihal, took a more impartial approach closer to modern religious studies works.