Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen (11 April 1844 – 14 June 1917) was a Danish politician, minister, army officer, businessman and inventor who served as War Minister in the 1901–1905 Deuntzer Cabinet.

Madsen began his military career in 1859 and served in the Second War of Schleswig of 1864 as a lieutenant.

In 1896, at the rank of colonel, Madsen was responsible for the adoption of the Madsen machine gun by the Danish army in 1902 and widely exported.

He also constructed the Madsen 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon.

[1] As Minister of War in the Cabinet of J. H. Deuntzer from 1901 to 1905, he supported the Fortification of Copenhagen, which contributed to the conflict that led to the split of the Venstre Reform Party as the left wing of the party left the party in protest to form the Radikale Venstre.