Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain (Arabic: حكاية إسكندر ذو القرنين, lit.
Some claimed this descent from Alexander occurred through the lineage of Raja Rajendra Chola, an emperor from the eleventh century described in the Malay Annals.
[9] Iskandar Zulkarnain is claimed to be a direct antecedent of the Minangkabau kingdoms of Sumatra by their rulers.
The best known Minangkabau ruler, Adityavarman, who ruled over Sumatra between 1347 and 1374 AD claimed for himself the name Maharajadiraja, 'a great lord of kings.'
The text has no ultimate source but is a composite of various origins, including the Arabic Sīrat al-Iskandar, the Shahnameh of the Persian poet Ferdowsi, and the Malay Hikayat Muhammad Hanifiyyah.