Hoshū jugyō kō
Hoshū jugyō kō (補習授業校), or hoshūkō (補習校),[1] are supplementary Japanese schools located in foreign countries for students living abroad with their families.
Hoshū jugyō kō educate Japanese-born children who attend local day schools.
[2] The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (Monbusho), as of 1985, encouraged the opening of hoshū jugyō kō in developed countries.
[3] By May 1986, Japan operated 112 supplementary schools worldwide, having a total of 1,144 teachers, most of them Japanese nationals, and 15,086 students.
The remainder of the curriculum consists of other academic subjects,[6] including mathematics, social studies, and sciences.
[6] Naomi Kano (加納 なおみ, Kanō Naomi),[10] author of "Japanese Community Schools: New Pedagogy for a Changing Population", stated in 2011 that the supplementary schools were dominated by "a monoglossic ideology of protecting the Japanese language from English".
Rachel Endo of Hamline University,[16] the author of "Realities, Rewards, and Risks of Heritage-Language Education: Perspectives from Japanese Immigrant Parents in a Midwestern Community", wrote that these schools "have rigorous academic expectations and structured content".
[12] In the 1990s, weekend schools began creating keishōgo, or "heritage education", classes for permanent residents of the U.S.
[19] In the years prior to 2012, there was an increase in the number of students who were permanent residents of the United States and did not plan to go back to Japan.
